Attitude Of Management Students Towards Entrepreneurship Business Essay

Attitude Of Management Students Towards Entrepreneurship Business Essay Entrepreneurship and small business creation are cornerstones of economic Development throughout the world. Entrepreneurial development today has assumed special importance, since it is a key to economic development. The impact of entrepreneurship education has been recognized as one of the crucial factors that help youths to understand and foster an attitude toward entrepreneurship. Management education provides a great potential for the establishment of new, small businesses. There is huge opportunity for developing management graduates as entrepreneurs. However, this potential is not exploited to its full extent. The purpose of the research is to examine management students attitudes towards entrepreneurship, as well as their views of entrepreneurship as career option and interest in entrepreneurial training. This study was conducted in selected districts of North Karnataka. A total of 200 questionnaires were sent to Management students and 152 students ware responded. The research shows that majority of the respondents are having positive attitude towards the entrepreneurship. (Keywords: Attitude, Economic development, Career option, Management students,Entrepreneurship.) ATTITUDE OF MANAGEMENT STUDENTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A STUDY OF SELECTED DISTRICTS OF NORTH KARNATAKA INTRODUCTION: Entrepreneurship has become an everyday buzzword. Policymakers, economists, academicians and even university students are talking about it. Today, entrepreneurship is regarded as one of the best economic development strategies to develop countrys economic growth and sustain the countrys competitiveness in facing the increasing trends of globalisation (Ooi Yeng Keat et. al). Entrepreneurship and small business creation are cornerstones of economic Development throughout the world. Entrepreneurial development today has assumed special importance, since it is a key to economic development. The objectives of industrial development, regional development, regional growth and employment generation depend upon entrepreneurial development. Entrepreneurs are, thus the seeds of industrial development and the fruits of industrial development are greater employment opportunities to unemployed youth, increase in per capita income, higher standard of living and increased individual savings, revenue to the government in the form of taxation and balanced regional development (Poornima Charntimath 2007). The impact of entrepreneurship education has been recognized as one of the crucial factors that help youths to understand and foster an Attitude toward entrepreneurship (Gorman, Fanlon King, 1997 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ºKourilsky Walstad, 1998). The attitude and knowledge of entrepreneurship are likely to shape their inclination to start their own business in the future (Wang Wong, 2004). Entrepreneurs play an important role in contributing for the development of an economy of a nation. The most industrially developed countries like USA, Germany, and Japan are the evidence that an economy is an effect for which entrepreneurship is the cause. To accelerate the economic development we have to use the entrepreneurship as a tool. A paradigm shift among graduates is needed, as their contributions to entrepreneurship would stimulate the countrys economic growth, and help it move towards becoming a developed nation by 2020. This is especially important, since graduates are the academic intellectuals and have the skill set to advance the future national economy (Collins et al. 2004; Là ¼thje and Franke 2002; Norfadilah 2003; Nor Aishah et al. 2005). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) (2007) reports a constant growth of entrepreneurial activities in India. There are growing numbers of studies carried out to determine the influence of regional development and economic development, culture etc., on entrepreneurship. Management education provides a great potential for the establishment of new, small businesses. There is huge opportunity for developing management graduates as entrepreneurs. However, this potential is not exploited to its full extent. The purpose of the research is to examine management students attitudes towards entrepreneurship, as well as their views of entrepreneurship as career option and interest in entrepreneurial training. OBJECTIVES: To examine Management students attitudes towards entrepreneurship, as well as their views of entrepreneurship as career option and interest in entrepreneurial training. To determine the preference of professions among Management students. To know the perception of Management students on their entrepreneurial intentions. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY SAMPLING DESIGN: The sampling technique used in this study is probability sampling, simple random sampling technique is used. The sample unit is taken as students of management (MBA) studying in the first and second year of their graduation from the selected districts of North Karnataka. The total sample size is 152. The sample is collected from Management Institutions situated in North Karnataka (Bagalkot, Bijapur and Dharwad are chosen for the study). RESEARCH DESIGN: While determining the various factors, exploratory study was carried out, with the help of secondary data collected from the various magazines, journals and internet. Once the basic factors for the study were found a descriptive study is carried out to know the attitude of the respondents. DATA COLLECTION: Data is collected with the help of primary survey as well as secondary sources. The secondary data was collected from various national and international journals, magazines and internet. The primary data was collected with the help of a close ended, structured questionnaire through web based survey. The questionnaire was adapted with some alterations from an existing project work done by Pà ¤ivi Karhunen Svetlana Ledyaeva et.al. In Russian students perceptions of entrepreneurship Results of a survey in three St. Petersburg universities. The questionnaires will be distributed to target respondents through e- mail. The respondents were given one week time to return the questionnaires. The questionnaire was sent 200 respondents but only 152 respondents reverted back. DATA ANALYSIS: Collected data were statistically analyzed using computer software package SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). LITRATURE REVIEW An article written by Krishna Kumar Agarwal Rajesh Kr. Upadhyay , Attitude of Youth Towards Entrepreneurship: A Case Study of Varanasi in the study it was identified that the youth need a secure, stable and well paid profession and hence, the preferred professions among all are MNCs, Large Domestic Companies and Government sector. Despite having a good image of entrepreneurs, the risk associated with entrepreneurship makes it a low preferred profession among the youth. It means that entrepreneurial activities can be boosted up if the risk associated with entrepreneurship could be brought down with proper policy interventions and support from various stakeholders including government, planning agencies, society and family. Zaidatol Akmaliah Lope Pihie (2009) in his article Entrepreneurship as a Career Choice: An Analysis of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Intention of University Students the findings indicate that the students had moderate score on all constructs related to entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial self-efficacy in the aspects of management, financial and marketing. Moreover, students with positive entrepreneurial aspiration scored higher in entrepreneurship intention and self-efficacy which is significantly different from those who do not have positive aspiration. The students also scored moderately on attitudes towards entrepreneurial career and perceived behavioral control. The findings also indicate that those who perceived entrepreneurship need to be learnt at university have significantly higher mean score on attitudes towards entrepreneurial career as well as perceived behavioral control. Margaret Emalereta Akpomi (2008) has made a study on Entrepreneurship Among Graduates-to-be of Business/Management Faculties and Economic Development in Nigeria The results of the study revealed that only 12.4% of graduates-to-be aspire to own businesses upon graduation. Among the reasons given were that there are no take-off funds/sponsorship, inadequate preparation to face the demands of running businesses and the poor attitude of Nigerians towards purchasing made-in Nigeria goods. Paivi Karhunen, Svetlana Ledyaeva, Anne Gustafsson- Pesonen, Elena Mochnikova, Dmitry Vasilenko have done a study on Russian students perceptions of entrepreneurship at three St. Petersburg universities the study reveals that Russian students consider entrepreneurship as a very attractive career alternative. Moreover, for Russian students to be an entrepreneur is more attractive than for Finnish students. In contrast to Finnish students, there are no notable differences in the attitude toward entrepreneurship between Russian male and female students. Another important finding is that the Russian students are inclined to be more optimistic and to focus more on the positive sides of entrepreneurship than the Finnish ones and in general Russian students emphasized most motivational factors as more important than their Finnish counterparts, supporting the view of Russian students being more entrepreneurially oriented. It was also identified in the study that when compared Russian respondents to Finnish students, the largest disagreement was found regarding the riskiness of entrepreneurship, which the Russian respondents perceived as higher. In addition, Russian respondents had somewhat lower opinion on entrepreneurs morality. The attitude towards entrepreneurship may be influenced by educational measures. How- ever, despite the recognition that education and prior entrepreneurial experiences may influence peoples attitudes towards starting their own business, the impact of entrepreneurship education, as distinct from general education, on intentions towards entrepreneurship has remained largely unexplored (Donckels, 1991; Krueger and Brazeal, 1994). LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: The research work is confined to the study of attitude of management students towards entrepreneurship: a study of selected districts of north Karnataka. The research work attitude of management students towards entrepreneurship is purely based on the survey of the respondents from selected districts north Karnataka. The study is conducted in different management institution existing in selected districts of north Karnataka. The findings of the survey should not be generalised at the national or international level. The only three districts of North Karnataka are taken into consideration are Bagalkot, Bijapur and Dharwad. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Table 1: Division of respondents on the basis of gender Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Male 96 63.2 63.2 63.2 Female 56 36.8 36.8 100.0 Total 152 100.0 100.0 Graph- Gender of the Respondents The Table No-1 and Graph-1 depicts that 63.2% of respondents are Male and 36.8% are Female. Table 2: Basic educational background of the respondents Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid B.A 2 1.3 1.3 1.3 B.B.A 54 35.5 35.5 36.8 B.C.A 28 18.4 18.4 55.3 B.Com 44 28.9 28.9 84.2 B.Sc 18 11.8 11.8 96.1 BBM 6 3.9 3.9 100.0 Total 152 100.0 100.0 Graph- Educational background of the respondents The Table No-2 and Graph-2 shows that 35.5% of the respondents are from BBA degree holders, 28.9% of the respondents are B.Com degree holders, 18.4% of the respondents are BCA degree holders, 11.8% of the respondents are B.Sc degree holders, 3,9% of the respondents are BBM degree holders and 1.3% of the respondents are BA degree holders. Table 3: Table and graph showing the respondents work experience. Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid NO 136 89.5 89.5 89.5 YES 16 10.5 10.5 100.0 Total 152 100.0 100.0 Figure showing work experience of the respondents The Table No-3 and Graph -3 illustrates that 89.5% of the respondents are not having any prior work experience and only 10.5% of the respondents are having prior work experience. Table 4. Table and graph showing the percentages of respondents family members as entrepreneurs. Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Brother 8 5.3 5.3 5.3 Father 22 14.5 14.5 19.7 None 122 80.3 80.3 100.0 Total 152 100.0 100.0 Figure showing the entrepreneurs in the family The Table No-4 and Graph-4 represents that 80.3% of the respondents are not having entrepreneurs family background, 14.5% of the respondents fathers are entrepreneurs and 5.3% of the respondents brothers are entrepreneurs. Table 5. Table and graph showing future career plans of the respondents. Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Continuation of education 6 3.9 3.9 3.9 Depending of fate 2 1.3 1.3 5.3 Desire to be self employed 40 26.3 26.3 31.6 Joining fathers business 14 9.2 9.2 40.8 Look for employment in private enterprise 56 36.8 36.8 77.6 Look for employment in public sector 34 22.4 22.4 100.0 Total 152 100.0 100.0 Figure depicting the future career plan of the respondents The Table No-5 and Graph-5 point out that 36.8% respondents are opined that, they look for employment in private enterprise, 26.3% respondents are interested in self employment i.e. they want to become entrepreneurs, 22.4% respondents are interested in employment in public sector, 9.2% of the respondents wants to join their father business, 3.9% of the respondents wants to continue their higher education and 1.3% of respondents, responded that they depending of fate. ENTREPRENEURIAL MOTIVATION OF RESPONDENTS After analyzing the general characteristics of the respondents, we now move on to analyze their entrepreneurial motivation in more detail. We evaluate the factors that are perceived as most important motivators for starting ones own business. The respondents were asked to assess factors, which might increase their desire to become an entrepreneur according to a five-point scale from not at all (1) to very much (5). Table 5 summarizes the results for the total sample. Table 6. Motivational factors for entrepreneurship, mean values Factors Average Rank Achieving an appropriate goal in life in accordance with ones abilities 4.04 The liberty of being ones own boss 4.03 Result-based income 3.97 The liberty in choosing ones tasks and duties 3.97 The opportunity to work as a superior 3.84 My skills and capabilities point to entrepreneurship 3.83 Entrepreneurship suits my character 3.75 The liberty of choosing ones working hours 3.71 The opportunity to get rich 3.63 As shown in the Table No-6 the major motivational factors which increase the desire to become entrepreneur are, the achieving goal in life in accordance with our ability and liberty of being ones own boss have got highest rank from the respondents, followed by other factors such as entrepreneurship is result based income, liberty in choosing ones task and duties, opportunity to work as superior, and my skills and capabilities point to entrepreneurship. However, the opportunity to get rich as such was ranked at last preceded by liberty of choosing ones working hours. In contrast, the respondents emphasized more on achieving goal in life. BARRIERS FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP After discussing the motivational factors which increase the desire of the respondents to become entrepreneurs, now we are going to analyze the factors which respondents view as decreasing their desire to become entrepreneurs. The factors which decrease the desire include endogenous and exogenous factors. Endogenous Barriers: Endogenous barriers or factors include personal characteristics and skills and these factors are such that the person can control and influence. Exogenous Barriers: Exogenous barriers or factors are related to the operating environment of the entrepreneur (Pà ¤ivi Karhunen Svetlana Ledyaeva et.al). Table 7. Endogenous barriers for entrepreneurship Factors Average Rank My current life situation 3.30 Fear of tough competition 3.13 Lack of a business idea 3.04 Fear of debt 3.01 Insecure income 2.99 Lack of professional skills and competence 2.93 Entrepreneurs are excessively at the mercy of their investors 2.93 Society provides no safety net for entrepreneurs 2.92 Unwillingness or incompetence to market ones professional skills and competence 2.92 Fear of losing ones property 2.87 My professional skills are difficult to commercialize 2.86 Generally negative opinion on entrepreneurship 2.41 Excessively irregular working hours 2.36 Does not suit my character 2.33 Loss of free time 2.33 As shown in the Table No-7, the respondents viewed that, their current life situation as students, fear of tough competition, lack of business idea and fear of debt are the major endogenous barriers or hindrances for becoming the entrepreneurs. In contrast the personal characters like loss of free time, entrepreneurship does not suit my character, and excessively irregular working hours were viewed by the respondents as not particularly big obstacles for entrepreneurship. Some other factors like insecure income, lack of professional skills and competence, entrepreneurs are excessively at the mercy of their investors and society provides no safety net for entrepreneurs somewhat also hinder from becoming the entrepreneurs. EXOGENOUS BARRIERS FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP The respondents were asked to assess the exogenous barriers which decrease the desire of becoming an entrepreneur. Using the 5-point scale used ranged from not at all (1) to very much (5). Results of the assessment are presented in Table-8. Table 8. Exogenous barriers for entrepreneurship Factors Average Rank Lack of own financial resources 3.64 Government policies 3.57 Corruption 3.49 Local infrastructure 3.49 Difficulty in getting external finance 3.43 Bureaucracy (Difficulties to obtain licenses and certificates) 3.42 Tough competition 3.28 Procedure of registration 3.28 Taxation 3.22 Difficulties in finding customers 3.20 Lack of labors 3.17 Crime 2.86 As shown in the Table No-8, the respondents viewed that, the major obstacles for becoming an entrepreneur are lack of access to financial resources, government policies, corruption, local infrastructure, and bureaucracy. In contrast the factors like crime, lack of labors and difficulty in finding customers considered as a least influence. ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP The next part of our analysis is focused on respondents attitude towards entrepreneurship. The students were asked at what degree they agree or disagree with different statements which characterize general opinion on entrepreneurship, social importance of entrepreneurship, state support of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial ethics and entrepreneurships role in creating work places. The students were assessed on these statements using a five-point scale from disagree completely (1) to agree completely (5). The results are summarized in Table -9. Table 9. Attitudes towards entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship, % of respondents. Statement Wholly or partly disagree Wholly or partly agree Dont know Entrepreneurs must be appreciated because they provide work for other people. 3.9 90.8 5.3 Entrepreneurial activities provide society with more benefits than disadvantages. 11.9 75 13.2 State Gov. must support young, beginning entrepreneurs. 7.9 77.6 14.5 State provides excessive support for entrepreneurs. 15.8 63.2 21.1 Entrepreneurs can exploit their professional skills and competencies more effectively in their own businesses than in salaried employment. 7.9 72.3 19.7 Entrepreneurship requires more intellectual than financial capital. 14.4 76.3 9.2 Entrepreneurship is for people who have courage and ideas. 7.9 82.9 9.2 Entrepreneurs take excessive risk. 6.6 88.2 5.3 Entrepreneurs get rich on other people work. 40.8 46 13.2 People who cannot adapt to conventional jobs end up as entrepreneurs. 34.2 35.5 30.3 Entrepreneurs do not care about environmental issues to a sufficient extent. 53.9 21.1 25 Entrepreneurs are dishonest and pursue their own self interest. 47.3 31.6 21.1 As shown in the Table No-9, the statements are broadly classified in to two groups on the basis of distribution of answers. First, there were a number of statements, about which the respondents were relatively unanimous (i.e. majority of them either agreed or disagreed). Majority of the respondents felt that entrepreneurs take excessive risk. Hence, a consensus was found in support to the statement Entrepreneurship is for people who have courage and ideas. Secondly the statements in which respondents clearly had difficulties in commenting. This is reflected by the distribution of answers across all categories; statements such as people who cannot adapt to conventional jobs end up as entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs are dishonest and pursue their own self interest, and entrepreneurs get rich on other people work. Thirdly, majority of the entrepreneurs wholly or partly disagree with some of the statements like entrepreneurs do not care about environmental issues to a sufficient extent, and entrepreneurs are dishonest and pursue their own self interest. ASSESSMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION The last part of our analysis is focused on assessment of entrepreneurial education among the respondents. Interest in entrepreneurial training The respondents were asked their interest in participation in entrepreneurship development training programme by asking in a closed ended question yes or no. Table 0- Table showing respondents interest in participating in entrepreneurship development training programme. Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative % Valid NO 10 6.6 6.6 6.6 YES 142 93.4 93.4 100.0 Total 152 100.0 100.0 As shown in the Table No-10, 93.4% of the respondents have shown their interest in participating the entrepreneurship development programme. Preferred components of entrepreneurial training The respondents were asked to assess the importance of various components of entrepreneurship development training programme could include, using a five-point scale from not at all important (1) to very important (5). The results for the whole sample are presented in Table- 11. Table 11-Results of assessment of the components of the program The component of program Average Rank Decision making skills 4.74 Marketing skills 4.67 Managerial skills 4.66 Project preparation skill 4.63 Accounting and financial management skills of the enterprise 4.55 Skills of commercialization of innovations 4.54 Practical information on entrepreneurship 4.49 Information on business opportunity identification 4.43 As shown in the Table No-11, respondents viewed that all the given components were important in the training programme, the least average rank was given by respondents was 4.43. Decision making skills, marketing skills, managerial skills and project preparation skill components viewed as most important by the respondents. FINDINGS 26.3% of the respondents desired to be self employed and 9.2% of the respondents wants to join family business. The research shows that majority of the respondents are having positive attitude towards the entrepreneurship. Majority of the respondents felt that entrepreneurs take excessive risk. Hence, a consensus was found in support to the statement Entrepreneurship is for people who have courage and ideas Majority of the respondents viewed that major Endogenous barriers for becoming entrepreneur are their current life situation, fear of tough competition, lack of a business idea, fear of debt, insecure income, lack of professional skills and competence and entrepreneurs are excessively at the mercy of their investors. Major Exogenous barriers for entrepreneurship viewed by the respondents are lack of own financial resources, government policies, corruption, local infrastructure, getting finance and bureaucracy. It is interesting to note that 93.4% of the respondents are ready to undergo the Entrepreneurship Development Programme. Respondents opine that the EDPs must contain and give more stress on decision making skills, marketing skills, managerial skills, and project preparation skills. CONCLUSION This study substantially expands the understanding of what drives the intention of management students to become an entrepreneur. The majority of the students have positive attitude towards entrepreneurship and they are interested to attend the entrepreneurship development programme. It indicates that, at present majority of the respondents immediately after completion of their graduation they will not start their carrier by establishing enterprise but in future majority of them are going to be turned as entrepreneurs. To happen this proper policy interventions and support from various stakeholders including government, planning agencies, society and family is very important.

Chemistry Investigation :: essays research papers

Investigate A Factor Which Affects the Rate Of Fermentation Of Yeast This experiment is investigating one of the factors which affects the rate of fermentation of yeast. Several factors affect the rate of reaction:  Increasing the concentration. (See the lock and key theory.) If the substrate (glucose) is increased, then there would be more keys for the locks, therefore an increase in reactant concentration leads to an increase in reaction rate.  The surface area, the bigger the surface area, the faster the reaction time is, as the reactant can reach more parts.  The temperature, an increase in temperature leads to an increase in reactant rate. Generally, as the temperature is increased, the particles get more energy, so they bump into one another more, therefore speeding up the reaction time. This is called the collision theory, which I will discuss in greater depth later.  Whether or not there is a catalyst. A catalyst speeds up the rate of reaction and remains chemically unchanged by the end of the experiment. A catalyst lowers the activation energy. This is the energy needed to start a reaction. The variable that I have decided to change is the temperature. I have decided to alter the temperature of the yeast and time the amount of carbon dioxide that will be given off at different temperatures. I have decided to time how much carbon dioxide is given off in five minutes. Throughout the investigation, I will keep the temperature the same as I have specified for each reading. For example, if I am taking a reading in which the temperature must be 5 degrees, I will make sure that the yeast is kept at this temperature. When I am altering the temperature of the yeast, I will place it in a water bath of the specified temperature, which makes the temperature much more accurate. For example, if I heat up the yeast using a Bunsen burner, I could heat it up too much, thereby denaturing the enzymes and ruining the experiment. After the enzymes have been denatured, they can no longer react. It will also be important not to agitate the solution at all, because this would cause collisions between particles, speeding up the reaction time and making the test unfair. While doing an experiment such as this, it is vital to be safe at all times. You should stand up at all times, making sure that stools are firmly under desks.

Microeconomics about Fresh Water Supply Essay

Scarcity of fresh water is emerging as the most critical resource issue which world is facing in recent years. The signs of a shrinking water supply can be seen worldwide. Many restaurants no longer provide a free glass of water to diners and cities restrict its use for private pools and gardens. The supply of fresh water is limited, but with the increase in population, the demand of water increases rapidly. We use water faster from our resources than it can be replaced. This paper will discuss the issues regarding fresh water supply in the future with the already shrinking resources and fast growing world population, pollution of major water resources, impact of climate changes and longer drought seasons etc. The major factor of increasing water usage is the faster growth of world’s population. Demand for water is also rising due to increase in economic activities, urbanization and people’s lifestyles. Moreover, increasing population is shrinking the supply of water. Despite the fact that 75 percent of the Earth’s surface is covered by water, only 2. 5 percent of it is fresh water, and three-quarters of that is locked up in the form of glaciers and ice caps in polar areas, where human reach is nearly impossible. Only 0. 3 percent of the water is surface water, found in rivers and lakes. The rest is buried deep in the ground. (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001) The root cause of current global water crisis, especially in the third world countries, is population and there is a serious need to meet this crisis with modern techniques of water management. In the age of population explosion, more water is required for irrigation and we need to develop a sound planning to utilize water resources. Water scarcity has become a greater concern at present as people were facing shortage of water. Because of overpopulation, mass consumption, misuse, and water pollution, the availability of drinking water per capita is inadequate and shrinking. Because of population growth – coupled with industrialization and urbanization – will result in an increasing demand for water and will have serious consequences on the environment. The connection of Fresh Water and population is much closed, increase in population, urbanization affect the quality and availability of water resources. Also, population growth enhances the demand of fresh water for agriculture use, and house hold consumption. Scares and contaminated water supply also cause health problems. The shortage of water may arises political conflicts among countries, the example is India and Pakistan, both of them shares two or more rivers the India have advantage because he uses upstream water and the left is for Pakistan’s use. But they are not satisfied with all this, and try to get more and more by agreements and table talks. Some times it seems that they both are ready to fight for water, this type of situation is dangerous for the economy of both countries. (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001) Water is a strategic resource in the globe and an important element in many political conflicts. Some have predicted that clean water will become the â€Å"next oil†, making Canada, with this resource in abundance, possibly the richest country in the world. The Middle East region has only 1 percent of the world’s available fresh water, which is shared among 5 percent of the world’s population. Thus, in this region, water is an important strategic resource. By 2025, it is predicted that the countries of the Arabian Peninsula will be using more than double the amount of water naturally available to them. Jordan, for example, has little water, and dams in other countries have reduced its available water sources over the years. Other dispute on water is on river Gangus between India and Bangladesh. India controls the flow to Bangladesh. The two countries have now signed an agreement to use the water of Gangus River equally to prevent further conflicts in future. (Water Politics, 2008) As shortage of water increases by time to time, many countries of the world try to prevent this shortage by making laws and strategies for efficient use of water in house holds and industrial sectors. They attempt to make water reservoirs like dams and barrages to control the flow of water down stream and to fully utilize the river water and make it sure that not a single drop of water wastes. Dams are emerged as the major step which different governments take to overcome the crisis of water. There are at least 40,000 dams that are built to date in the world. (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001) Among these countries, India is the one, who increasingly rely on Dams to meet its water needs. The shortage of water may arises political conflicts among countries, the example is India and Pakistan, both of them uses 2 or more than 2 rivers the India have advantage of having the upstream water of all the major rivers which flow towards Pakistan. Thus there is a high probability of emergence of any new conflict over fresh water between these two countries. There are some other countries which have very little amount of fresh water within their boundaries, so they must use alternate way to get fresh water. They must resort to the conversion of sea water into fresh water to fulfill their needs, not to mention land locked countries. The process is known as Desalination. Without this process they are not able to support there population. The technology is very high energy consuming and is very expensive; it is beyond the reach of most poor countries which facing water shortage, like some countries of Africa. (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001) The major use of water is in Agriculture sector, industrial sector and by house holds. With the increase in population, the usage requirements are rise proportionally. Increase in population’s living standards, increases per capita water consumption. Increasing Agricultural and Industrial usage reflects improving in living standards. Agriculture Dominates global water use, accounting for 69 percent of all water withdrawals. Industry accounts for about 23 percent, followed by municipal consumption at 8 percent. (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001) In the coming years, population of world grows rapidly and the per capita consumption of water in coming years shrinks the world’s water resources, as a result the demand for water exceeds more than reserves to provide it. It is expected in future that a large number of countries facing water shortage due to exceeding demand of water. Water demand is also rises due to the growth of industrial usage, rising demand for household consumption and increasing use of water for irrigation to produce more food to feed rising population of world. Take United States of America as an example, while the average American in 1900 just consume 10 cubic meter of water per year for personal and household use, that figure had jumped by an average of 200 cubic meters a year. (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001) Most people in developing countries get their water from a public tap, community wells, rivers, lakes and rain water collected from ponds. As most of the developing countries become urban, people get their water from city water system. As we know that cities are ever growing larger and larger, their demand for water increases with the increase in population. Such growth of population puts pressure on city’s water reservoirs and most of them are unable to provide or fulfill that demand due to lack of resources. In Middle East, the amount of renewable water is declining due to increase in population. â€Å"The practice of heavily subsidizing water is costing Middle East governments dearly, both in terms of revenues and efficiency. Governments in the region, advised by water industry experts, are realizing that a fresh approach is required, one based on managing the region’s scarce water resources, rather than just reacting to uncontrollable consumer demand,† says Edmund O’Sullivan, Chairman of MEED Events. (Mideast faces fresh water crisis, By Staff Writer on Sunday, March 16, 2008) Due to shrinking water supply in Dubai, last month, the Dubai and Water Authority increased the tariff of water and electricity. This was the first time; Dubai has increased the tariff since 1998. â€Å"Tariff increases are bound to be met with resistance, so a gradual approach may be the best way forward. Although the change will not apply to UAE nationals, the biggest consumers of water, it is a step in the right direction. Managing existing water assets better could go some way to reducing the need for new capacity,† O’Sullivan said. (Mideast faces fresh water crisis, By Staff Writer on Sunday, March 16, 2008) Another major cause of shrinking water supply is water pollution; it becomes a major problem for all the countries of world, developed countries in Europe and North America face problems due to water pollution. In many countries of world, especially in developing countries, lakes, rivers and streams are used as receptacles for an assortment of industrial wastes, including untreated and partially treated municipal sewage, industrial poisons, and dangerous chemicals that mix into surface and ground water during agricultural activities. Caught between scare and polluted supply of water, and rising demand from population and industrial sector, most of developing countries are facing difficulties to provide demanded amount of fresh and clean water (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001). As the World Bank has warned, lack of water is likely to be the major factor limiting economic development in the decades to come (Serageldin, 1995). More than half of the world’s rivers are now so polluted that they pose serious health risks. One-third of Africa’s people already endure conditions of water scarcity, and water supplies are in jeopardy in China, India, Japan, Spain, southern France, Australia, the southwestern U. S. and many other parts of Asia and Europe. Rapidly growing populations, ever-increasing pollution, desertification and falling water tables endanger a fragile, finite resource. Toxic chemicals are contaminating water, endangering the world’s most precious supplies of water. Toxic brew of pesticides, nitrogen fertilizers, industrial chemicals, and heavy metals is fouling water everywhere, and that the damage is often worst in the very places where people most need water. In the next 50 years, an additional 3 billion people are expected to inhabit the Earth, creating even more demand for water for drinking, irrigation, and industry. But we’re polluting our cheapest and most easily accessible supply of water. (Sampat, 2000) Distribution of Freshwater: One major issue that is likely to have a major impact on freshwater’s supply and demand in the years to come is that of distribution. Like many other natural resources, freshwater’s distribution around the globe is extremely uneven. Areas inhabiting less than one third of the world’s population currently receive more than 75% of the annual rainfall. With global warming rapidly changing the environmental outlook of the globe, this natural distribution of freshwater is likely to become even more uneven. In some regions, where freshwater is available in abundance or annual rainfall is moderate enough to meet the demands of the local population, lack of proper resources and infrastructure restricts access to the freshwater supply. For instance, in South Asia, rainfall is the major source of freshwater. However, above 80 percent of the rainwater runs off too quickly to be effectively utilized. A number of methods and processes have been developed over the years to preserve freshwater resources and to ensure that runoff from the rainfall doesn’t go wasted. Dams and desalination are the two most commonly used processes world over. It should however be noted that not all countries suffering from shortage of water supply have enough resources to properly develop or employ such methods for the preservation of freshwater supply. Freshwater Resources: The Microeconomic Perspective: From a microeconomic perspective, the cost of freshwater is likely to increase sharply as soon as the planet starts running out of resources. Decline in quality of available freshwater resources such as river or lakes, change in rainfall trends and drying up of glaciers are some of the many factors that will eventually lead to a decline in the supply of freshwater in different parts of the world. Demand, on the other hand, will continue to increase as a result of an increase in population, lifestyle changes and improvement in quality of life in developing economies. The result will be a shift in the supply curve. In simple terms the price for freshwater will shoot up in the long run. There will be severe economic as well as sociopolitical consequences of such a shift in the supply curve. Economies suffering from freshwater shortages are already facing challenges that directly impact their economic performance and social progress. The only way out of this disaster is broad and extensive collaborative initiatives by the world nations to ensure the fresh water supply in the future. There should be immediate measures to be taken to sort out and cope with the problem of pollution of fresh water resources, because it is the most fatal blow on our already shrinking resources. Comprehensive awareness programs should be launched in every part of the world on local community bases so that the individuals become aware of the danger they are about to face in the near future and be prepared for it. Deliberate misuse of water should be considered a crime and extensive punitive measures should be taken in order to curb deliberate misuse and pollution of water supplies and resources. The overall condition of fresh water supply gives a clear indication that in the near future the fresh water supply will not only will be reduced but it will also become costly and the consequences will be very harsh and brutal for poor people who are already deprived off clean water supply may be completely left without water supply in the future. If immediate measures are not taken there is a very high probability that fresh water will become a luxury of the elite only and the commoners will have to survive without it if they can survive. References Hirichsen, Don & Tacio, Henrylito, (2001) The Coming Fresh Water Crisis is Already Here, Wilson Center, Retrieved on 17th March 2008 http://www. wilsoncenter. org/topics/pubs/popwawa2. pdf Middle East Faces Fresh Water Crisis, (2008) Emirates Business 24/7, Retrieved on 18th March 2008 http://www. business247. ae/cs/article_show_mainh1_story. aspx? HeadlineID=3929 Sampat Payal, (2000) The Hidden Freshwater Crisis, World Watch Institute Retrieved on 18th March 2008. http://www. worldwatch. org/node/1684 Water Politics, (2008) Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 17th March 2008 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Water_politics#Water_as_a_critical_resource Saijel Kishan and Madelene Pearson, Bloomberg News Published: Monday, July 03 2006 http://www. canada. com/edmontonjournal/news/business/story. html? id=60e8a4c1-b733-4f96-a85c-d723c1f4e221&k=50181 http://www. business24-7. ae/cs/article_show_mainh1_story. aspx? HeadlineID=3929

The Movie Othello By William Shakespeare Essay

Odin’s greatest fear is to slowly becomes the person that other people think he is, which may lead to a tragedy. Speech = talk more about the rape scene, how it connected to sexualism or race. At the end, he finally revealed his true self by allowing the society’s expectation to be a part of him, society’s typical stereotype of young black men. The movie showcases the modern adaptation of Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello† and includes how teen violence and racism can relate to each other and can lead to a tragedy. His own hatred of his race affects his personality and changed his way of acting. Within any movie that has an African American character, it is very hard to avoid the typical stereotypes. Within the movie â€Å"O†, it seems like the producer tried to avoid the stereotypes, but some were still presence in the movies. Some of the negative stereotypes when thinking about the African American community are violence and drugs. In the movie, even though Odin is the most popular person in the school, adored by lots of teachers and students, Odin is very self conscious of being the only African American at the elite high school. His past drug problems come back to haunt him. When Roger and Hugo tell Desi’s father that Odin raped her, the school’s dean, also Desi’s father, brings up his criminal record. His past drug problems suggest that he is more prone to rape Desi. Even though he never meant to harm Desi, Roger and Hugo wanted to destroy and ruin Odin’s reputation. In this movie,Show MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast O Movie And Othello788 Words   |  4 PagesFor me, I think â€Å"O† movie was a god modern-day translation of â€Å"Othello† by William Shakespeare. The themes and ideas of Shakespeare Williams were translated to the movie and that he will agree with the modernization. I’ m going to compare and contrast the characters, plot and setting from the book and movie to prove my point. 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